Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Differences in Absentees in the Workplace between Smokers and Non-smokers :: essays research papers
The unit of observations were random samples of twenty-five various employees divided into two distinct, independent populations, smokers and non-smokers. Then data on their absences from work for the previous year were obtained and used in this statistical inference. Because of a strong association between smoking and ill-health, it is generally accepted that smokers miss more work than their non-smoking counterparts. Does the smoker miss more work than the non-smoker? Data from these random samples were used to draw a conclusion†¦. SMOKERSDATA **VERSUS**DEFINITION NON-SMOKERSTABLE           Unit of Observation: Smoking and Non-Smoking Employees     Variable Name:      Definition:      Unit of Measurement:      Data Source: Smoker      Employee      Days Absent in Past Year      http://lad.org/issues/4/horizon.html;      Smokes           July 11, 2000                Non-Smoker      Employee Does      Days Absent in Past Year      http://lad.org/issues/4/horizon.html;      NOT Smoke           July 11, 2000 RANDOMDATA SAMPLESLISTING                                    Smokers:     Absentees:          Non-Smokers:     Absentees:          Employee 1     10          Employee 1     5          Employee 2     8          Employee 2     9          Employee 3     18          Employee 3     2          Employee 4     8          Employee 4     10          Employee 5     11          Employee 5     12          Employee 6     17          Employee 6     11          Employee 7     19          Employee 7     6          Employee 8     21          Employee 8     9          Employee 9     16          Employee 9     12          Employee 10     2          Employee 10     8          Employee 11     4          Employee 11     4          Employee 12     12          Employee 12     7          Employee 13     11          Employee 13     13          Employee 14     6          Employee 14     6          Employee 15     9          Employee 15     7          Employee 16     13          Employee 16     11          Employee 17     24          Employee 17     10          Employee 18     15          Employee 18     18          Employee 19     14          Employee 19     20          Employee 20     3          Employee 20     4          Employee 21     0          Employee 21     10          Employee 22     9          Employee 22     2          Employee 23     11          Employee 23     8          Employee 24     19          Employee 24     5          Employee 25     10          Employee 25     10          Mean:     11.6          Mean:     8.76          Standard Deviation:     6.110100927          Standard Deviation:     4.352011029          Variances:     37.33333333          Variances:     18.94                                   SOURCE: http://lad.org/issues/News/4/horizon.html; July 11, 2000 STATISTICAL ANALYSISOUTPUT F-Test Two-Sample for Variances               Smokers      Non-Smokers Mean     11.6     8.76 Standard Deviation     6.110100927     4.352011029 Variance     37.33333333     18.94 Observations     25     25 df     24     24 F     1.971136924     P(F F Critical one-tail     1.983757159                                             t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances               Smokers     Non-Smokers Mean     11.6     8.76 Variance     37.33333333     18.94 Observations     25     25 Pooled Variance     28.13666667     Hypothesized Mean Difference     0     df     48     t Stat     1.892940764     P(T t Critical one-tail     1.677224191     P(T t Critical two-tail     2.01063358               CAN WE ACCEPT THESTATISTICAL NULL HYPOTHESISANALYSIS      The data source used in this inference was found through a search engine, http://www.google.com. After hours of surfing the web and grueling through mounds of data I used two of the random samples found at http://lad.org/issues/News/horizon.html. For this statistical inference, the question was whether the means were truly different or could they have been samples from the same population. To do draw a conclusion, we must first assume normal distribution. We must also set the null hypothesis to m1 - m2 = 0. And per this assignment we must set the a-level at .05 and the hypothesis alternative to m1 - m2  ¹ 0; thus requiring a two-tailed test. The random samples have a mean of 11.6 days absent for the smoker and 8.76 days absent for the non-smoker. All of my calculations were done using the data analysis tool in Excel but can be done manually with given equations: Sample Mean ( ):      n = sample size The variances of each sample are 37.33333333 for the smoking population and 18.94 for the non-smoking population. Their standard deviations are 6.
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